> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://docs.xrpl-commons.org/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://docs.xrpl-commons.org/core-dev-bootcamp/module07/homeworks/snippets.md).

# Snippets

## Reusable Code Patterns

[← Back to Building and Integrating Custom RPC Handlers](/core-dev-bootcamp/module07.md)

***

## Complete Handler Template

Use this as a starting point:

```cpp
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/*
    This file is part of rippled: https://github.com/ripple/rippled
    Copyright (c) 2024 Ripple Labs Inc.
*/
//==============================================================================

#include <xrpld/app/main/Application.h>
#include <xrpld/rpc/Context.h>
#include <xrpld/rpc/detail/RPCHelpers.h>
#include <xrpl/protocol/ErrorCodes.h>
#include <xrpl/protocol/jss.h>

namespace ripple {

Json::Value doGetAccountBalance(RPC::JsonContext& context)
{
    Json::Value result;

    // TODO: Implement your handler here

    return result;
}

} // namespace ripple
```

***

## Snippet 1: Parameter Validation

```cpp
// Validate required 'account' parameter
if (!context.params.isMember(jss::account))
{
    return rpcError(rpcINVALID_PARAMS, "Missing 'account' field");
}

if (!context.params[jss::account].isString())
{
    return rpcError(rpcINVALID_PARAMS, "'account' must be a string");
}

// Parse account address
std::string const accountStr = context.params[jss::account].asString();

auto const account = parseBase58<AccountID>(accountStr);

if (!account)
{
    return rpcError(rpcACT_MALFORMED, "Invalid account address");
}
```

***

## Snippet 2: Ledger Lookup

```cpp
// Get the ledger to query
std::shared_ptr<ReadView const> ledger;
auto const ledgerResult = RPC::lookupLedger(ledger, context);

if (!ledger)
{
    // lookupLedger returns an error response if ledger not found
    return ledgerResult;
}
```

***

## Snippet 3: Read Account Object

```cpp
// Read account from ledger
auto const sleAccount = ledger->read(keylet::account(*account));

if (!sleAccount)
{
    return rpcError(rpcACT_NOT_FOUND, "Account not found");
}
```

***

## Snippet 4: Extract Account Fields

```cpp
// Get account balance
STAmount balance = sleAccount->getFieldAmount(sfBalance);

// Get owner count (number of owned ledger objects)
std::uint32_t ownerCount = sleAccount->getFieldU32(sfOwnerCount);

// Get sequence number (optional - for additional info)
std::uint32_t sequence = sleAccount->getFieldU32(sfSequence);
```

***

## Snippet 5: Calculate Reserves

```cpp
// Get fee information from the ledger
auto const& fees = ledger->fees();

// Calculate base reserve (required for account existence)
XRPAmount baseReserve = fees.accountReserve(0);

// Calculate total reserve (base + owner reserves)
XRPAmount totalReserve = fees.accountReserve(ownerCount);

// Calculate owner reserve specifically
XRPAmount ownerReserve = totalReserve - baseReserve;

// Calculate available balance (what can actually be spent)
XRPAmount available = balance.xrp() - totalReserve;
```

***

## Snippet 6: Build Response

```cpp
// Build the response object
result[jss::account] = to_string(*account);
result[jss::ledger_index] = ledger->info().seq;
result[jss::validated] = ledger->isImmutable();

// Add balance information
result["balance"] = to_string(balance);
result["available_balance"] = to_string(available);

// Add reserve information
result["base_reserve"] = to_string(baseReserve);
result["owner_reserve"] = to_string(ownerReserve);
result["total_reserve"] = to_string(totalReserve);

// Add account metadata
result["owner_count"] = ownerCount;
```

***

## Snippet 7: Complete Minimal Handler

Here's a complete minimal implementation:

```cpp
Json::Value doGetAccountBalance(RPC::JsonContext& context)
{
    // 1. Validate account parameter
    if (!context.params.isMember(jss::account))
        return rpcError(rpcINVALID_PARAMS, "Missing 'account' field");

    auto const account = parseBase58<AccountID>(
        context.params[jss::account].asString()
    );

    if (!account)
        return rpcError(rpcACT_MALFORMED, "Invalid account address");

    // 2. Get ledger
    std::shared_ptr<ReadView const> ledger;
    auto const result = RPC::lookupLedger(ledger, context);
    if (!ledger)
        return result;

    // 3. Read account
    auto const sleAccount = ledger->read(keylet::account(*account));
    if (!sleAccount)
        return rpcError(rpcACT_NOT_FOUND, "Account not found");

    // 4. Extract data
    STAmount balance = sleAccount->getFieldAmount(sfBalance);
    std::uint32_t ownerCount = sleAccount->getFieldU32(sfOwnerCount);

    // 5. Calculate reserves
    auto const& fees = ledger->fees();
    XRPAmount baseReserve = fees.accountReserve(0);
    XRPAmount totalReserve = fees.accountReserve(ownerCount);
    XRPAmount available = balance.xrp() - totalReserve;

    // 6. Build response
    Json::Value response;
    response[jss::account] = to_string(*account);
    response[jss::ledger_index] = ledger->info().seq;
    response[jss::validated] = ledger->isImmutable();
    response["balance"] = to_string(balance);
    response["available_balance"] = to_string(available);
    response["base_reserve"] = to_string(baseReserve);
    response["owner_reserve"] = to_string(totalReserve - baseReserve);
    response["total_reserve"] = to_string(totalReserve);
    response["owner_count"] = ownerCount;

    return response;
}
```

***

## Snippet 8: Handler Registration

Add to `src/xrpld/rpc/handlers/Handlers.cpp`:

```cpp
{
    "get_account_balance",
    {
        &doGetAccountBalance,
        Role::USER,
        RPC::NEEDS_CURRENT_LEDGER
    }
},
```

***

## Snippet 9: Test Case Template

```cpp
#include <xrpl/protocol/jss.h>
#include <test/jtx.h>

namespace ripple {
namespace test {

class GetAccountBalance_test : public beast::unit_test::suite
{
public:
    void testBasicFunctionality()
    {
        using namespace jtx;

        Env env(*this);

        // Create test account with 1000 XRP
        Account alice("alice");
        env.fund(XRP(1000), alice);
        env.close();

        // Build RPC request parameters
        Json::Value params;
        params[jss::account] = alice.human();
        params[jss::ledger_index] = "current";

        // Create context (simplified for example)
        // In real tests, you'd use proper context construction

        // Call the handler
        // Json::Value result = doGetAccountBalance(context);

        // Verify response
        // BEAST_EXPECT(result.isMember("balance"));
        // BEAST_EXPECT(result["balance"].asString() == "1000000000");
    }

    void run() override
    {
        testBasicFunctionality();
    }
};

BEAST_DEFINE_TESTSUITE(GetAccountBalance, rpc, ripple);

} // namespace test
} // namespace ripple
```

***

## Snippet 10: Error Handling Pattern

```cpp
// Try-catch for unexpected errors
try
{
    // Your handler logic here
}
catch (std::exception const& ex)
{
    return rpcError(rpcINTERNAL, ex.what());
}
```

***

## Snippet 11: Optional Parameter Handling

```cpp
// Handle optional 'include_lines' parameter
bool includeLines = false;

if (context.params.isMember("include_lines"))
{
    if (!context.params["include_lines"].isBool())
    {
        return rpcError(rpcINVALID_PARAMS, "'include_lines' must be boolean");
    }

    includeLines = context.params["include_lines"].asBool();
}

if (includeLines)
{
    // Add trust line information to response
    Json::Value lines(Json::arrayValue);

    // ... iterate trust lines ...

    result["lines"] = lines;
}
```

***

## Snippet 12: Trust Line Iteration (Bonus)

For the optional enhancement:

```cpp
// Get account's trust lines
auto const sleRippleState = ledger->read(
    keylet::line(*account, issuerID, currency)
);

if (sleRippleState)
{
    STAmount balance = sleRippleState->getFieldAmount(sfBalance);

    Json::Value line;
    line["currency"] = to_string(currency);
    line["balance"] = to_string(balance);

    lines.append(line);
}
```

***

## Snippet 13: Pagination Support (Bonus)

```cpp
// Handle pagination parameters
unsigned int limit = 50;  // Default
std::optional<std::string> marker;

if (context.params.isMember("limit"))
{
    if (!context.params["limit"].isUInt())
        return rpcError(rpcINVALID_PARAMS, "'limit' must be unsigned int");

    limit = context.params["limit"].asUInt();

    if (limit == 0 || limit > 400)
        return rpcError(rpcINVALID_PARAMS, "'limit' must be 1-400");
}

if (context.params.isMember("marker"))
{
    if (!context.params["marker"].isString())
        return rpcError(rpcINVALID_PARAMS, "'marker' must be string");

    marker = context.params["marker"].asString();
}
```

***

## Snippet 14: Logging for Debugging

```cpp
// Add logging statements
JLOG(context.j.debug())
    << "GetAccountBalance: Processing account " << to_string(*account);

JLOG(context.j.trace())
    << "GetAccountBalance: Balance = " << to_string(balance)
    << ", Owner Count = " << ownerCount;

// For errors
JLOG(context.j.warn())
    << "GetAccountBalance: Account not found: " << accountStr;
```

***

## Snippet 15: Validation Helper Function

Create a helper to reduce repetition:

```cpp
namespace {

// Helper function for parameter validation
std::optional<std::string> validateStringParam(
    Json::Value const& params,
    std::string const& fieldName,
    bool required = true)
{
    if (!params.isMember(fieldName))
    {
        if (required)
            return "Missing '" + fieldName + "' field";
        return std::nullopt;
    }

    if (!params[fieldName].isString())
    {
        return "'" + fieldName + "' must be a string";
    }

    return std::nullopt;
}

} // anonymous namespace

// Usage in handler:
if (auto error = validateStringParam(context.params, jss::account))
{
    return rpcError(rpcINVALID_PARAMS, *error);
}
```

***

## How to Use These Snippets

1. **Start with the template** (Snippet 0)
2. **Add validation** (Snippet 1)
3. **Get the ledger** (Snippet 2)
4. **Read account data** (Snippets 3-4)
5. **Calculate reserves** (Snippet 5)
6. **Build response** (Snippet 6)
7. **Register handler** (Snippet 8)
8. **Write tests** (Snippet 9)

**Or use the complete minimal handler** (Snippet 7) and build from there!

***

## Important Notes

⚠️ **These snippets are educational examples**

* Always validate your own code
* Add proper error handling
* Follow Rippled's style guide
* Write comprehensive tests

✅ **Best Practices**

* Read existing handlers for reference
* Use helper functions from RPCHelpers.h
* Keep code readable and maintainable
* Document complex logic

***

[← Back to Workshop](/core-dev-bootcamp/module08/homeworks.md)